‘Silent’ alteration of data (by ‘silent’ I mean that the alteration was not reported to a referee or a reader), even if it involves removing ‘unimportant’ peaks, or peaks due to impurities, is nothing less than scientific fraud. Needless to say, the editors of the journals that had published these spectra, and the students’ research mentors (once they were informed about the spectra) were not amused ( “Cleaning up the record,” C&ENews, April 21, 2014, p. As many know, however, removing the last traces of chromatography solvent, unreacted starting material, and so on, can be a difficult chore so some Japanese science students have apparently hit on an elegant solution: using the ‘Delete Peak’ option in the JEOL NMR software to remove unwanted peaks. Students are taught to look for certain contaminants – TMS, CHCl3, H2O – as a matter of routine. "Didnt really answer my questions but gave me a start at least.An NMR spectrum provides important data on what’s in the NMR sample.
However, in the combustion equations it is actually carbon dioxide and water vapour which are produced and they are both greenhouse gases.įinally, how do I calculate the energy efficiency of ethanol and petrol? However, I was wondering whether you could find an Australian statistic.Īlso, you mentioned that H20 is not a greenhouse gas. ethanol production costs are about $1.20 per gallon of ethanol, or $1.82 per gallon on a gasoline-equivalent basis." For example, a statistic that I found in america was: I didn't think it made sense because the cost of petrol per litre is normally a dollar something or even less than a dollar not a couple of hundred of dollars. So ethanol is much cheaper than petrol, in fact it is half-priced: AUD $ (392-196) = $ 196.” Source of oxygen is ambient atmosphere, so it costs nothing. Moreover, if ethanol is obtained from sugar industry as a by-product, it may cost even less.
“According to Sigma-Aldrich catalog, cost of 1L octane is AUD $ 392.00, whereas the cost of 1L ethanol is AUD $196.00. With the first statistic about cost below.
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